Ice caps have significant effects on the of the area they occupy. Plastic moulding, gouging and other features become present upon the glacier's retreat. Many lakes, such as the in North America , as well as numerous valleys have been formed by glacial action over hundreds of thousands of years.
On Earth, there are about 30 million km³ of total ice mass. The average temperature of an ice mass ranges between -20°C and -30°C. The core of an ice cap exhibits a constant temperature that ranges between -15°C and -20°C.
An ice cap is an mass that covers less than 50 000 km² of land area (usually covering a highland area). Masses of ice covering more than 50 000 km² are termed an
Ice caps are not constrained by features (i.e., they will lie over the top of mountains) but their dome is usually centred on the highest point of a Ice flows away from this high point
Ice caps have significant effects on the of the area they occupy. Plastic moulding, gouging and other features become present upon the glacier's retreat. Many lakes, such as the in North America , as well as numerous valleys have been formed by glacial action over hundreds of thousands of years.
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